Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Friendly reminder: Performing CPR might cause internal injuries like rib fractures.

! Confirm the safety of the surroundings.
! Check for consciousness by tapping on the shoulder or calling out.
! Ask someone to call emergency services and check for an Automated External Defibrillator (AED).
! Check for pulse and breathing. Feel for a pulse, look for chest movement, and check for breathing. If the patient has a pulse and is breathing, monitor and wait for the ambulance. If not, start CPR.
Lay the person flat on a firm surface, head tilt with no objects behind the head. Remove clothing if possible.
Place one hand over the center of the chest, then place the other hand on top and interlock fingers.
Push down vertically with straight arms. The rhythm should be “1, 2, 3…”
! After 30 compressions, open the airway.
Check for foreign objects in the mouth and nose; remove if present.
Head tilt chin lift: Align the chin and ears perpendicularly to the ground.
Rescue breathing: Pinch the patient’s nose, give a normal breath, and blow air into the patient’s mouth. (Theoretically, the mouth should cover the patient’s mouth, although it might feel uncomfortable.)
Release the nose, pause for 2 seconds, and repeat the breath.
Ratio: 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Friendly reminder: Always use an AED if available.

Follow the instructions to attach the electrode pads to the skin (avoid placing them over clothing). Ensure no one is touching the patient, then press the shock button.

If the person remains unresponsive, perform CPR first. Once the AED is ready, follow the prompts after charging.

Choking | Heimlich Maneuver

Self-Help

Find the position above the navel with two fingers, make a fist with one hand, and grasp it with the other hand. Apply inward and upward force quickly.

If insufficient strength, use a chair, table, or similar object to assist in dislodging the foreign object.

Afterward, remember to seek medical attention to check for any injuries caused by the maneuver.

Assisting Others

Hug the person from behind, applying the same method and location.

Assisting Children

Support the child’s chin, lay them on the rescuer’s lap or thigh, and pat the back. Tap between the child’s shoulder blades five times and observe if the child expels the foreign object.

Wound Hemostasis | Direct Pressure | Tourniquet

Direct pressure: Apply pressure directly on the wound to stop bleeding.

Tourniquet: If direct pressure fails and bleeding persists, use a bandage or clothing to tie a knot near the body. Then, twist a stick or similar object around until bleeding stops without cutting off blood flow entirely.

Note the time when the tourniquet is applied. Loosen it briefly every 40 minutes to prevent tissue necrosis.

Ingested Foreign Object | Inducing Vomiting

Take a sip of water, press the base of the tongue, and induce vomiting.

Respiratory Alkalosis | Fainting Due to Crying

Symptoms: Excessive crying followed by numbness in the hands and face.
Strategy: Recollect some CO2 by covering the face with a paper bag or wearing a mask. Reduce the breathing rate simultaneously.

Drowning

Keep the person warm! Use a blanket.
Open the airway (head tilt chin lift).
Perform rescue breaths 2-5 times.
Perform chest compressions 30:2.

Others

Emergency flashlight (especially at night) and a whistle (like the one used in the Titanic movie when Rose attracted attention). In case of emergencies such as earthquakes or maritime accidents, a whistle can attract rescue attention.

Keep two emergency kits:

First Aid Only kit
Neosporin antibiotic ointment (small yellow-green tube).